LAND DOCUMENTS PART 1....

CERTIFICATE OF OCCUPANCY

This is the most important land title document used to certify the legal and ownership status of any land in Nigeria irrespective of its usage. It is a legal document indicating that an owner of any land has been granted a statutory right of occupancy by the executive governor of the state where the land situates or a customary right of occupancy by the local government chairman if the land is in a rural (non-urban) area. This statutory right of occupancy is different from a Customary Right of Occupancy, which is usually granted by Local Government Council.

A Certificate of Occupancy is the land title document that is delivered to the owner of a piece or larger parcel of land by the government attesting to the owner’s title to the land whose ownership is in accordance with the applicable law. Over time, users of land and financial institutions have elevated this type of land document to be conclusive evidence of the ownership of the land described in it, to the exclusion of any other party claiming title to the same piece of land.

Right of Occupancy (R of O)

The Land Use Act introduced the right of occupancy system in Nigeria. Right of occupancy is a right to use and occupy land in accordance with the provisions of the Land Use Act. Right of occupancy is completely different from ownership of land known under both customary and common laws which exists before the promulgation of the Land Use Act.

It is the right granted to an individual or corporate organization over a plot or parcel of land in an approved government layout. The right is for a period normally, a maximum of 99 years lease is granted for residential purpose, while other uses range from 35 to 70 years depending on the value of improvements.

It is the grant to an individual or corporate organization over a plot or parcel of land in an approved government layout. The right is normally granted by the Governor of the state where the land is located and the Minister, in case of land under the control and management of the Federal Capital Territory.

A certificate of occupancy is therefore the evidence of the right of occupancy. A certificate of occupancy is a document that shows that the person disclosed there in is entitled to the right of occupancy. It must be noted that certificate of occupancy is the only method devised by the Land Use Act which links a person to a right of occupancy.

DEED OF ASSIGNMENT/CONVEYANCE

This is a very important document that must be demanded for and given to a purchaser after the conclusion of any land/property transaction between such purchaser/buyer and the owner/seller of the land/landed property in question.

Section 2(v) of the Conveyancing Act 1881 provides the definition of conveyance as follows: “A conveyance includes any assignment, appointment, lease, settlement and other assurances and covenants to surrender made by deed on sale, mortgage, demise or settlement of any property or on any other dealing with or for any property; and convey, unless a contrary intention appears, has a meaning corresponding with that of conveyance”.

Also section 2(1) of the Property and Conveyancing Law, 1959 states that: “A Conveyance is a mortgage, charge, lease, assent, vesting declaration and every other instrument except a will”. Conveyances are described as including “assignment, appointment, lease, settlement and other assurance and covenant to surrender, made by deed, on a sale, mortgage, demise, or settlement of any property, or any other dealing with of for any property”.

Conveyancing is the process by which ownership of land is transferred between a seller and a buyer. This can include both residential and commercial land transactions.

It refers to the mutual agreement between an owner or seller of a land/landed property and the purchaser/buyer of such land/landed property showing evidence that the owner/seller of the land/landed property has transferred all his/her ownership, interest, rights and title on the land/landed property to the purchaser/buyer who has bought the land/landed property from him/her.

A Deed of Assignment therefore is an agreement where an assignor states his promise that from the date of the assignment or any date stipulated therein, the assignor assigns his ownership in that Land to the assignee.

The deed contains very pertinent information for a real estate transaction. It spells out the date when the ownership of the property transfers from one owner to the other. The deed also gives a specific description of the property that is included in the transfer of ownership.

It is very compulsory and mandatory for a Deed of Assignment document to be recorded at the appropriate land registry to show legal evidence as to the exchange of ownership in any land/landed property transaction in order to make the general public and government aware of such exchange and/or transaction.

Any recorded Deed of Assignment at the appropriate land registry will be authenticated in form of either a Governor’s consent or Registered Conveyance after it has been stamped at the Stamp Duties office.Under the Land Use Act of 1978, when parties exchange documents of sale (A Deed of Assignment), what is being sold is the amount of time unexpired from the 99 year right of occupancy called “the unexpired residue of the term”.

Most importantly, apart from the Certificate of Occupancy, a deed of assignment or conveyance is the most recognized document of title on matters relating to land and landed properties’ ownership/transaction in Nigeria as it helps to trace the history of how such land and landed property that is been transferred gets to its present owner as well as any disputes that may have occurred as to the rightful owner of such land and landed property.

These documents (especially the Sale Agreement and the Deed of Assignment/Conveyance) must contain the names and descriptions of the parties, proper description of the property, the agreed purchase price, the acknowledgement of receipt of that amount, the capacity in which Vendor is selling, a Warranty that he has a right to sell in that capacity, condition that the contract shall be conditional on the obtaining of any requisite consents to the transaction, etc.

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